Resurrection Ferns

 

Resurrection Fern (Pleopeltis michauxiana).
Green Cay Wetlands, Palm Beach County, Florida. 

Hiking through a hardwood hammock on the coast of Florida Resurrection Ferns (Pleopeltis michauxiana) grow on the trunks of many tree species.  This odd little fern can be found over much of the eastern United States and down into the tropics, but it is most abundant on the Coastal Plain of the Southeast.  Stands of Resurrection Fern can mantle the limbs trees as it lives its aerial life.  

Resurrection Fern.
Orchard View Park, Palm Beach County, Florida.  

Resurrection Ferns have roots that attach the plant to tree bark.  They make horizontal stem called the rhizomes that grow along the trunk and thrusts up the photosynthetic leaves called fronds.   The underside of the leaves have multiple brown spots called sori.  Each sorus contains dozens of sporangia that produce the reproductive spores of the plant. 

Sori, the spore producing structurers on the underside of a 
Resurrection Fern Leaf.
Orchard View Park, Palm Beach County, Florida

Spores are released from the sori and these microscopic reproductive structures float through the air.  If one lands on a favorable patch of bark, it can, after some complex reproductive antics, produce a new fern. 

With tree branches being the main location of growth, the Resurrection Fern has no contact with the soil. Resurrection Ferns do not parasitize the trees on which they grow but rather they are epiphytes, absorbing nutrients and water from the air or the surface of the bark.  

Resurrection Fern.
Orchard View Park, Palm Beach County, Florida. 

Dry Resurrection Fern.
A.D. Barnes Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida. 

Detail of dry Resurrection Fern.
A.D. Barnes Park, Miami-Dade County, Florida. 

When conditions are dry, Resurrection Ferns can undergo extreme dehydration.  They shrivel up, turn brown and can lose more than 75% of their water.  In contrast people that lose 10% of their water experience mental derangement and death occurs at about 20% dehydration.  When the rains come, dry, shriveled Resurrection Ferns can quickly absorb water.  They become green and active in a matter of hours.  The common name of the fern is a nod to their seeming return from the dead when going from dry to wet conditions. 

Resurrection Fern. 
Green Cay Wetlands, Palm Beach County, Florida.
 

Resurrection Ferns are a wonder, whether you see them shriveled and dead looking or green and vibrant.  This transformation really is like the plant returning from the dead.  

The Emergence of Brood XIX

 

Adult Periodical Cicada (Magicicada tredecim)
on the morning of its emergence.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina 

The eastern United States are abuzz with the coming of Cicada Brood XIX.  This spring, Periodical Cicadas (Magicicada sp.) are emerging from their 13-year underground sojourn as nymphs for a few brief weeks as large flying, mating and buzzing insects.  There are 15 different broods of Periodical Cicadas, and all are found in Eastern North America.   

Adult Periodical Cicada.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

The sound of thousands of male Periodical Cicadas calling.

Landsford Canal State Park, South Carolina. 

Periodical Cicadas have the longest life cycles any insects.  Some take 17 years to mature but this year, in the south we have13-year cidadas.  The genus Magicicada is composed  of 7 species. Brood XIX is made up of billions of Magicicada tredecim, Magicicada tredecassini, Magicicada tredecula and Magicicada neotridecim.   This is known as the Great Southern Brood and it ranges from North Carolina to Missouri although their distribution is quite spotty.  This spring there are no Periodical Cicadas near our home in Rowan County, North Carolina, but they are abundant in some areas of Mecklenburg County, a mere 45 miles away.   

Periodical Cicada.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

Adult Periodical Cicadas are over an inch long, with red eyes, black bodies and translucent orange veined wings.  Males have a sound generating organ on the abdomen called the tymbal.  They vibrate the tymbal to produce a buzzing roar that can reach 100 decibels.  This wall of sound produced by the males attracts females and they mate.  The females cut small holes in tree twigs and lay their fertilized eggs in the stems.  These eggs hatch to produce nymphs, the first larval stage of the Periodical Cicada.  Nymphs drop to the ground and continue their development, feeding on sap from plant roots, growing and molting into larger nymphs.  This process continues for 13 years and during this time the cicadas can neither fly nor mate.  

Adult Periodical Cicada with two empty nymph exoskeletons.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

Then the Periodical Cicadas begin to emerge.  The fifth nymph stage digs tunnels through the soil and crawls up tree trunks, shrubs and even stout grasses.  The back of the nymph exoskeleton splits, and the winged adult crawls out.  Over the course of a couple of hours the cicadas pump fluid to expand their wings to their full size and their exoskeleton hardens.  Then the Periodical Cicadas fly off to complete their life cycle. 

Adult Periodical Cicada with its nymph exoskeleton.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

Two empty nymph exoskeletons. 
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

Periodical Cicadas emerge in vast numbers, over a million per acre in some places.  All these cicadas emerging at the same time overwhelm their predators who cannot cause a significant dent in their numbers. The question of why Periodical Cicadas have 13 or 17-year life cycles has puzzled scientists for years.  Of particular interest is 13 and 17 are prime numbers.  

One theory holds that the long life cycle with a prime number makes it hard for predators of the cicadas to synchronize their life cycle to coincide with the abundance of the emergence.  Another theory is based on the distribution of the Periodical Cicadas and the history of glaciation in North America.  During the many ice ages, Periodical Cicada species were probably restricted to small refugia. There they lengthened their life cycle because of limited resources and timed their emergence based on prime numbers so they would not hybridize with other broods.  This year Brood XIX and Brood XIII (a 17 year cicada) will emerge at the same time.  These broods have not been present as adults at the same time since 1803, when Thomas Jefferson was president. There is little overlap of the ranges of these broods but in a small area of Illinois adults of both broods will be present.  Their long, prime-numbered life cycles act as a defense against hybridization between these groups. 

An empty nymph exoskeleton.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. 

The spectacle of the Periodical Cicadas will continue for a few more weeks and by mid-summer the adults will be gone.  But the nymphs of Brood XIX will begin their long wait underground and emerge again in 2037.