Spanish Moss

 

Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usenoides).
Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina. 

Spanish Moss (Tillandsia usenoides), that famous denizen of southern swamps and southern gothic literature, is neither moss nor Spanish. The story goes that early French explorers of North America thought this plant looked like the beards of Spanish conquistadors and the name stuck.  But rather than being a moss, a nonvascular plant in the division Bryophyta, Spanish Moss is a flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae.  This large family also includes the familiar Pineapple (Ananas comosus).

 Spanish Moss is an epiphyte, a plant that grows on another plant, and in the Southeast it favors Live Oaks (Quercus virginiana) and Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum).  

Spanish Moss.
Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina. 

Spanish Moss is not a parasite draining nutrients from the host tree.  It absorbs all its nutrients from the air, rainwater, runoff from trees or animal waste. Spanish Moss is gray-green in color and can grow in long, hanging skeins that may reach 20 feet length. 

Spanish Moss fruit.
Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina.

In spring Spanish Moss produces small, green flowers that develop into fruits.  The seeds are released by the mature fruit and drift through the air and may land on the branch of a new host tree.  

Northern Parula (Setophage americana)
Huntington Beach State Park, South Carolina.

Some animals regularly use Spanish Moss.  A tiny warbler, the Northern Parula (Setophaga americana), builds hanging nests in Spanish Moss and the Zebra Longwing (Heliconius chariphonia), a brilliant butterfly, roosts in Spanish Moss.  

Zebra Longwing (Heliconius chariphonia).
West Delray Regional Park, Florida. 

A persistent legend says Spanish Moss is infested with chiggers (Trombiculidae), tiny arachnids related to spiders.  The larval stage of these mites feed on the blood of mammals, including humans, and cause itchy, red welts.  But chiggers live on the ground or in low growing vegetation, so they only get into Spanish moss when it falls from trees.

Cardinal Airplant (Tillandsia fasiculata).
Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. 

Other bromeliads also live as epiphytes on trees and are commonly called airplants.  Florida with its subtropical climate has a number of these including the Cardinal Airplant (Tillandsia fasciculata).  It has long, pointed leaves growing from the base and clusters of red flowers and is sometimes seen in the same tree as Spanish Moss. 

Spanish Moss.
Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina. 

Spanish Moss is found in the Southeastern and southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America.  It has also been introduced to many tropical and subtropical countries.   Spanish Moss lends a mysterious character to the forests and swamps where it lives.  Since it is a bromeliad, I like to think of Spanish Moss as treebourne pineapples. 

Ecuador: Hummingbirds and Butterflies

 

Golden-tailed Sapphire (Chrysuronia oenone).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

I am finishing this series of blogs about Ecuador with a return to hummingbirds and a brief detour into butterflies.  Going from North Carolina with its one summer resident hummingbird to Ecuador with over 100 hummingbirds is brain boggling.  Butterflies that amaze with their size or brilliance is the norm.

Hummingbirds with their range of iridescent colors, their speed and fearlessness make them quite appealing.  It takes a while to get all the hummingbirds in an area in your head.  They move so fast that you often have only a few seconds to take in their field marks.  Conversations about hummingbird ID often went, “Did that one have a blue head and green throat or was it a green head and blue throat?”  The fantastic hummingbird names add to the appeal.  Some had hummingbird in the name but others were called mangos or sabrewings, thorntails or brilliants, violetears or sapphires, or even woodnymphs.  Hummingbird feeders allowed us to have extended and repeated looks at the hummers that would have been impossible to identify in thick forests.

Among the insects the visual counterpart to hummingbirds are the butterflies.  Like the hummingbirds, butterflies were bright, brilliant and fast.  The butterfly counterpart to the hummingbird feeder is a wet gravel road.  Butterflies land on the road and sip water laced with minerals in a behavior call puddling.  Puddling allows for longer looks at these brilliant insects.  

Here are some of the hummingbirds and butterflies of the Ecuadorian cloud forest and rainforest.  

Gould’s Jewelfront (Heliodoxa aurescens).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Green Hermit (Phaethornis guy).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Male Black-throated Mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Female Black-throated Mango.
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Golden-tailed Sapphire.
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Sparkling Violetear (Colibri coruscans).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Brown Violetear (Colibri delphinae).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

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Wire-crested Thorntail (Discosura popelairii) on the left and
Golden-tailed Sapphire on the right. 
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Black-throated Brilliant (Heliodoxa schreibersii).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador.

Napo Sabrewing (Campylopterus villaviscensio),
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Fork-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania furcata).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Many-spotted Hummingbird (Taphrospilus hypostictus).
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador.

While the butterflies were bright and memorable many do not have common names.   Several butterflies shown here will have only the binomial scientific name in the caption. Many of them were puddling on gravel roads. 

Siosta bifasciata. 
This small butterfly has brilliant blue and orange
spots on the black wings. 
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Adelpha sp. This brown butterfly with yellow bands belongs 
to a group of butterflies called Sisters.  They got this name
because their brown color resembled the habits on nuns.
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Caligo idomeneus, the Idomeneus Giant Owl butterfly is 
native to the Amazon basin.
Sacha Lodge, Ecuador. 

Idomeneus Giant Owl butterfly eggs
Sacha Lodge, Ecuador. 

Red postman (Heliconius erato) advertises its
toxicity with bright warning colors.
WildSumaco Lodge, Ecuador. 

Archonias sp. is related to the whites and sulfurs (Pieridae)
in the Southeastern United States. 
Cabañas San Isidro, Ecuador. 

Our trip to Ecuador was a birding excursion and we did see a prodigious number of birds, including hummingbirds.  But the real takeaway from our travels to the páramo, cloud forest and rainforest was the exuberant diversity of life.  From tiny plants at high altitude to giant trees emerging from the Amazon canopy, from butterflies to soaring condors, life was abounding.  It was a privilege to see this spectacle.